Casein composition and differential translational efficiency of casein transcripts in donkey’s milk

The amount of the four caseins (as1, as2, and k-CN) in donkey milk was evaluated by Urea-PAGE analysis at pH 8.6, followed by immuno-detection with polyclonal antibodies, coupled to densitometric analysis. The achieved results showed the percentage of each casein in decreasing order: b54.28) > as1 (35.59) > as2 (7.19) > k-CN (2.79). The mRNA quantification of donkey casein transcripts, carried out by RT-qPCR, showed that the average percentage of corresponding genes’transcripts (CSN2, CSN1S1, CSN1S2 I and CSN3) was 70.85, 6.28, 14.23 and 8.65, respectively. The observed translation efficiency, assessed as percentage of single milk casein fraction out of single percentage of transcript, was 0.76, 5.66, 0.50 and 0.32, respectively. The analysis of the sequences flanking the start codon, the codon usage frequencies and the coding sequence length might explain, at least in part, the differential transcriptional and translational rate observed among the casein transcripts.