Procedures for location of non-palpable breast lesions: a systematic review for the radiologist

Accurate location of small breast lesions is mandatory for proper surgical management. The purpose of this article is systematically review procedures used to locate non-palpable breast lesions, including a description of the current status, advantages, and disadvantages for each technique. A total of 47 articles were finally included: 7 articles for the wire location technique, 5 articles for the radioguided location technique, 13 articles that compare wire location with radioguided location, 3 articles for the carbon location technique, 2 articles that compare wire location with carbon location, and 17 articles for the clip location technique. The success of location and the clear margin are reported for each location technique and for the separate articles included; clip migration shift, also, is reported for the clip location technique. Odds ratio with related 95 % confidence intervals were also calculated for successful location. Comparative analysis or meta-analysis for all the different breast lesion location techniques is missing. Prospective investigations and randomized investigations for homogeneous populations are still needed to determine which is the most cost-effective modality among those used to date.