A methodological framework for defining operating parameters of rail transport lines powered by limited-range propulsion systems

This paper presents a methodological framework for defining the operating parameters of public transport services operated by rolling stock with upper-bounded energy autonomy, such as battery-electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles. The proposed approach extends existing methodologies by incorporating constraints associated with vehicle range, refuelling and recharging operations, and the location of energy supply infrastructure. Unlike traditional propulsion systems characterised by virtually unlimited range, the framework highlights how operational performance is also influenced by factors such as refuelling/recharging plant accessibility and the time required for refuelling/recharging activities. The methodology introduces a set of analytical indicators designed to assess service feasibility, operational efficiency, fleet requirements, and energy consumption under constrained autonomy conditions. In particular, shortest-path algorithms and operational constraints are integrated to identify feasible associations between public transport lines and refuelling/recharging plants, as well as to determine the equivalent operating cycle of the service. To validate the proposed framework, the methodology was applied to the Brescia-Iseo-Edolo regional railway line in northern Italy, currently involved in the transition from diesel traction to hydrogen-powered rolling stock. Several propulsion scenarios were analysed, including diesel, hydrogen, and full railway electrification solutions, while also considering different energy production mixes and braking technologies.