Green Hydrogen for Public Transportation: Insights From an ABM and From Palma de Mallorca Case Study

The development of green hydrogen (GH2) value chains is crucial for decarbonizing sectors such as transport and industry. Their emergence, however, requires coordination among diverse actors, technologies, and regulations, which traditional analytical approaches struggle to capture. This study introduces an agent-based model (ABM) that reflects the complexity of GH2 value chains and supports policymakers in evaluating investment scenarios under decarbonization and energy transition goals. The model integrates heterogeneous agent behaviors, innovation dynamics, and sustainability certification mechanisms, assessing performance across environmental, social, and economic dimensions. By capturing feedback loops, coordination challenges, and trade-offs, it enables more informed and sustainable decision-making. The ABM is applied to a real-world GH2 value chain case study, demonstrating how technologies, policy settings, and market dynamics influence its performance and resilience over time. By offering actionable insights within a flexible simulation environment, this work supports evidence-based planning and contributes to shaping the GH2 transition.