Responses of a shallow tunnel in liquefiable ground subject to multiple shakings

This paper addresses the issue of the dynamic responses of a shallow tunnel in liquefiable ground subject to multiple shakings. The topic is of special importance, because earthquakes often strike the same geological location repeatedly in a short period. The current study is based on a centrifuge test of four consecutive shakings, where a rectangular tunnel is buried in saturated Hostun sand in plane-strain conditions. The OpenSees platform and the PM4Sand constitutive model are employed to replicate the experimental results, including the displacements, the pore pressures, and the accelerations of the soil-structure system. The validated numerical model is then reconfigured for more realistic resemblances to the boundary conditions of an actual engineering site. Further analysis is also performed, placing the emphasis on the uplift of the tunnel with different permeability coefficients of the ground.