Shallow geothermal field multidisciplinary exploration: New data from Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) for low—middle enthalpy resource exploitation

In the framework of the GeoGrid project, with the specific goal to look for shallow geothermal resources suitable to test the developed technologies, the Agnano geothermal field, a relatively unexplored sector of the eastern Campi Flegrei caldera, was investigated through a multidisciplinary geophysical, stratigraphic and hydro-chemical surveys. Such multidisciplinary approach allows us to reconstruct the subsurface morphology below the Agnano Hyppodrome (AH), interpreted by gravimetric, seismic and stratigraphic data, as a complex structure characterized by a gradual southward and south-eastward deepening of a high-density contrast interface. Moreover, the inferred models show two pronounced lateral depressions in agreement with the existence of known lateral faults bounding the western and eastern flanks of AH, while the hydro-chemical survey of the entire Agnano caldera revealed discontinuous manifestations of thermal waters along the groundwater flow direction. Furthermore, it was found that, within the southern sector of the Agnano caldera, mineralized waters predominantly align with a primary NE-SW buried structural lineament, a feature only hypothesized in previous studies and that in this sector local fresh groundwater likely receives endogenous inputs, including CO2 at elevated temperatures, potentially leading to the mixing of seawater or deep brine. Finally, our results individuate an area north of the Agnano Hippodrome characterized by a significant presence of higher temperature mineralized water, but lacking of seawater enrichment, making it a favorable site for further exploitation of low-to-medium-enthalpy geothermal sources.