Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Channon-Wells, S.; Vito, O.; Mcardle, A. J.; Seaby, E. G.; Patel, H.; Shah, P.; Pazukhina, E.; Wilson, C.; Broderick, C.; D'Souza, G.; Keren, I.; Nijman, R. G.; Tremoulet, A.; Munblit, D.; Ulloa-Gutierrez, R.; Carter, M. J.; Ramnarayan, P.; De, T.; Hoggart, C.; Whittaker, E.; Herberg, J. A.; Kaforou, M.; Cunnington, A. J.; Blyuss, O.; Levin, M.; Chouli, M.; Hamadouche, N.; Ladj, M. S.; Agrimbau Vazquez, J.; Carmona, R.; Collia, A. G.; Ellis, A.; Natta, D.; Perez, L.; Rubinos, M.; Veliz, N.; Yori, S.; Britton, P. N.; Burgner, D. P.; Carey, E.; Crawford, N. W.; Giuliano, H.; Mcminn, A.; Wong, S.; Wood, N.; Holter, W.; Krainz, M.; Ulreich, R.; Zurl, C.; Dehoorne, J.; Haerynck, F.; Hoste, L.; Schelstraete, P.; Vandekerckhove, K.; Willems, J.; Almeida Farias, C. G.; Almeida, F. J.; Alves Leal, I.; Araujo da Silva, A. R.; Araujo e Silva, A. E.; Barreiro, S. T. A.; Bomfim Prado da Silva, D. G.; Cervi, M. C.; dos Santos Naja Cardoso, M. V.; Henriques Teixeira, C.; Jarovsky, D.; Martins Araujo, J.; Naaman Berezin, E.; Palazzi Safadi, M. A.; Paternina-de la Ossa, R. A.; Souza Vieira, C.; Dimitrova, A.; Ganeva, M.; Stefanov, S.; Telcharova-Mihaylovska, A.; Biggs, C. M.; Lopez, A.; Scuccimarri, R.; Tan, R.; Wasserman, S.; Withington, D.; Ampuero, C.; Aravena, J.; Bustos B, R.; Casanova, D.; Cruces, P.; Diaz, F.; Garcia-Salum, T.; Godoy, L.; Medina, R. A.; Valenzuela Galaz, G.; Camacho-Moreno, G.; Avila-Aguero, M. L.; Brenes-Chacon, H.; Camacho-Badilla, K.; Ivankovich-Escoto, G.; Naranjo-Zuniga, G.; Soriano-Fallas, A.; Yock-Corrales, A.; Amer, M. A.; Abdelmeguid, Y.; Ahmed, Y. H. H. Z.; Badib, A.; Badreldin, K.; Elkhashab, Y.; Heshmat, H.; Hussein, A.; Mohamed Hussein, A. H.; Ibrahim, S.; Shoman, W.; Yakout, R. M.; Heinonen, S.; Angoulvant, F.; Belot, A.; Ouldali, N.; Beske, F.; Heep, A.; Masjosthusmann, K.; Reiter, K.; van den Heuvel, I.; von Both, U.; Agrafiotou, A.; Antachopoulos, C.; Charisi, K.; Eleftheriou, I.; Farmaki, E.; Fotis, L.; Kafetzis, D.; Koletsi, P.; Kourtesi, K.; Lampidi, S.; Liakopoulou, T.; Maritsi, D.; Michailidou, E.; Milioudi, M.; Mparmpounaki, I.; Papadimitriou, E.; Papaevangelou, V.; Roilides, E.; Tsiatsiou, O.; Tsolas, G.; Tsolia, M.; Vantsi, P.; Banegas Pineda, L. Y.; Borjas Aguilar, K. L.; Cantillano Quintero, E. M.; Ip, P.; Kwan, M. Y. W.; Kwok, J.; Lau, Y. L.; To, K.; Wong, J. S. C.; David, M.; Farkas, D.; Kalcakosz, S.; Szekeres, K.; Zsigmond, B.; Aslam, N.; Luder, A.; Andreozzi, L.; Bianco, F.; Bucciarelli, V.; Buonsenso, D.; Cimaz, R.; De Luca, M.; Dellepiane, R. M.; Fabi, M.; Filice, E.; Lanari, M.; Lo Vecchio, A.; Mastrolia, M. V.; Mauro, A.; Mazza, A.; Papa, M. V.; Romani, L.; Scarano, S. M.; Simonini, G.; Tipo, V.; Verdoni, L.; Macharia, A. -M.; Musiime, G.; Reel, B.; Wangai, F.; Pace, D.; Torpiano, P.; Anaya-Enriquez, N.; Carreon-Guerrero, J. M.; Chacon-Cruz, E.; Cheung Lopez, M.; Faugier Fuentes, E.; Fonseca Flores, M.; Garcia-Dominguez, M.; Giron Vargas, A. L.; Lopez-Delgado, I.; Lopez Hernandez, L.; Menchaca Aguayo, H. F.; Montano-Duron, J. G.; Perez-Gaxiola, G.; Ramos Tinini, P.; Tostado-Morales, E.; Valadez, J.; Inchley, C.; Klevberg, S.; Knudsen, P. K.; Maseide, P. H.; Carrera, J. M.; Castano, E.; Daza Timana, C. A.; De Leon, T.; Estripeaut, D.; Levy, J.; Norero, X.; Record, J.; Rojas-Bonilla, M.; Wong, M.; Iramain, R.; Hernandez, R.; Huaman, G.; Munaico, M.; Peralta, C.; Seminario, D.; Zapata Yarleque, E. H.; Gadzinska, J.; Ludwikowska, K.; Mandziuk, J.; Okarska-Napierala, M.; Alacheva, Z. A.; Alexeeva, E.; Ananin, P. V.; Antsupova, M.; Bakradze, M. D.; Berbenyuk, A.; Bobkova, P.; Borzakova, S.; Chashchina, I. L.; El-Taravi, Y.; Fisenko, A. P.; Gautier, M. S.; Glazyrina, A.; Gorlenko, C.; Grosheva, M.; Kiselev, H.; Kondrikova, E.; Korobyants, E.; Korsunskiy, A. A.; Kovygina, K.; Krasnaya, E.; Kurbanova, S.; Kurdup, M. K.; Mamutova, A. V.; Mazankova, L.; Mitushin, I. L.; Nargizyan, A.; Orlova, Y. O.; Osmanov, I. M.; Polyakova, A. S.; Pushkareva, A.; Romanova, O.; Samitova, E.; Shvedova, A.; Sologub, A.; Iakovleva, E.; Tepaev, R. F.; Tkacheva, A. A.; Yegiyan, M.; Yusupova, V.; Zholobova, E.; Grasa, C. D.; Epalza, C.; Lopez Segura, N.; Martinon-Torres, F.; Melendo, S.; Mendez-Echevarria, A.; Mesa Guzman, J. M.; Palacios Argueta, J. R.; Rivero-Calle, I.; Riviere, J.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, M.; Rojo, P.; Sanchez Manubens, J.; Soler-Palacin, P.; Soriano-Arandes, A.; Tagarro, A.; Villaverde, S.; Altman, M.; Brodin, P.; Horne, A.; Palmblad, K.; Brotschi, B.; Meyer Sauteur, P.; Pachlopnik Schmid, J.; Prader, S.; Relly, C.; Schlapbach, L. J.; Seiler, M.; Strasser, S.; Truck, J.; Weber, K.; Wutz, D.; Hamdan, A.; Melhem, I.; Moussa, A.; Dunk, J.; Ketharanathan, N.; Vermont, C.; Akyuz Ozkan, E.; Cetin, B. S.; Erdeniz, E. H.; Sahin, I. O.; Borisova, G.; Boyarchuk, O.; Boychenko, L.; Boyko, Y.; Diudenko, N.; Dyvonyak, O.; Kasiyan, O.; Katerynych, K.; Kostyuchenko, L.; Mamenko, M.; Melnyk, K.; Miagka, N.; Nazarenko, L.; Nezgoda, I.; Rykova, S.; Svyst, O.; Teslenko, M.; Trykosh, M.; Vasilenko, N.; Volokha, A.; Adams, C.; Akomolafe, T.; Al-Abadi, E.; Alders, N.; Alifieraki, S.; Ansumanu, H.; Aston, E.; Avram, P.; Bamford, A.; Banks, M.; Basu Roy, R.; Beattie, T.; Boleti, O.; Bracken, A.; Broad, J.; Cai, J.; Carrol, E. D.; Carter, M.; Chandran, A.; Charlesworth, J.; Chawla, J.; Cooper, H.; Cooray, S.; Davies, P.; Davis, F.; Drysdale, S. B.; Dzora, E.; Emonts, M.; Evans, C.; Fidler, K.; Foster, C.; Gong, C.; Gongrun, B.; Gonzalez, C.; Gorgun, B.; Grandjean, L.; Grant, K.; Guo, J.; Hacohen, Y.; Hall, J.; Hamid, H. K. S.; Hassell, J.; Hesketh, C.; Hewlett, J.; Hnieno, A.; Holt-Davis, H.; Hossain, A.; Hu, S.; Hudson, L. D.; Jheeta, S.; Johnson, M.; Johnson, S.; Jyothish, D.; Kampmann, B.; Kavirayani, A.; Kelly, D.; Kirubakaran, A.; Kucera, F.; Langer, D.; Lawson, G.; Lees, E. A.; Lenihan, R.; Lillie, J.; Longbottom, K.; Lyall, H.; Mackdermott, N.; Maltby, S.; Mclelland, T.; Mcmahon, A. -M.; Miller, D.; Miranda, M.; Mirza, L.; Morrison, Z.; Moshal, K.; Muller, J.; Musuka, P.; Myttaraki, E.; Nadel, S.; Nair, S.; Nuttall, L.; Oremakinde, O.; Osaghae, D.; Osman, F.; Ostrzewska, A.; Paccagnella, D.; Panthula, M.; Papachatzi, E.; Papadopoulou, C.; Patel, F.; Payne, H.; Penner, J.; Polandi, S.; Prendergast, A. J.; Ranasinghe, L.; Ravichandran, M.; Rhys-Evans, S.; Riordan, A.; Rodrigues, C. M. C.; Roe, L.; Romaine, S.; Schobi, N.; Seddon, J.; Shingadia, D.; Sikdar, O.; Srivastava, A.; Struik, S.; Sun, T.; Tan, R. W.; Taylor, A.; Taylor, A.; Taylor, A.; Tran, S.; Tsagkaris, S.; Tudor-Williams, G.; van den Berg, S.; van der Velden, F.; Ventilacion, L.; Wellman, P. A.; Withers Green, J.; Yanney, M. P.; Yeung, S.; Badheka, A.; Badran, S.; Bailey, D. M.; Burch, A. K.; Burns, J. C.; Cichon, C.; Cirks, B.; Dallman, M. D.; Delany, D. R.; Fairchok, M.; Friedman, S.; Geracht, J.; Langs-Barlow, A.; Mann, K.; Padhye, A.; Quade, A.; Ramirez, K. A.; Rockett, J.; Sayed, I. A.; Santos, R. P.; Shahin, A. A.; Umaru, S.; Widener, R.; Mujuru, H. A.; Kandawasvika, G.

doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00029-2

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health.

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study / Channon-Wells, S.; Vito, O.; Mcardle, A. J.; Seaby, E. G.; Patel, H.; Shah, P.; Pazukhina, E.; Wilson, C.; Broderick, C.; D'Souza, G.; Keren, I.; Nijman, R. G.; Tremoulet, A.; Munblit, D.; Ulloa-Gutierrez, R.; Carter, M. J.; Ramnarayan, P.; De, T.; Hoggart, C.; Whittaker, E.; Herberg, J. A.; Kaforou, M.; Cunnington, A. J.; Blyuss, O.; Levin, M.; Chouli, M.; Hamadouche, N.; Ladj, M. S.; Agrimbau Vazquez, J.; Carmona, R.; Collia, A. G.; Ellis, A.; Natta, D.; Perez, L.; Rubinos, M.; Veliz, N.; Yori, S.; Britton, P. N.; Burgner, D. P.; Carey, E.; Crawford, N. W.; Giuliano, H.; Mcminn, A.; Wong, S.; Wood, N.; Holter, W.; Krainz, M.; Ulreich, R.; Zurl, C.; Dehoorne, J.; Haerynck, F.; Hoste, L.; Schelstraete, P.; Vandekerckhove, K.; Willems, J.; Almeida Farias, C. G.; Almeida, F. J.; Alves Leal, I.; Araujo da Silva, A. R.; Araujo e Silva, A. E.; Barreiro, S. T. A.; Bomfim Prado da Silva, D. G.; Cervi, M. C.; dos Santos Naja Cardoso, M. V.; Henriques Teixeira, C.; Jarovsky, D.; Martins Araujo, J.; Naaman Berezin, E.; Palazzi Safadi, M. A.; Paternina-de la Ossa, R. A.; Souza Vieira, C.; Dimitrova, A.; Ganeva, M.; Stefanov, S.; Telcharova-Mihaylovska, A.; Biggs, C. M.; Lopez, A.; Scuccimarri, R.; Tan, R.; Wasserman, S.; Withington, D.; Ampuero, C.; Aravena, J.; Bustos B, R.; Casanova, D.; Cruces, P.; Diaz, F.; Garcia-Salum, T.; Godoy, L.; Medina, R. A.; Valenzuela Galaz, G.; Camacho-Moreno, G.; Avila-Aguero, M. L.; Brenes-Chacon, H.; Camacho-Badilla, K.; Ivankovich-Escoto, G.; Naranjo-Zuniga, G.; Soriano-Fallas, A.; Yock-Corrales, A.; Amer, M. A.; Abdelmeguid, Y.; Ahmed, Y. H. H. Z.; Badib, A.; Badreldin, K.; Elkhashab, Y.; Heshmat, H.; Hussein, A.; Mohamed Hussein, A. H.; Ibrahim, S.; Shoman, W.; Yakout, R. M.; Heinonen, S.; Angoulvant, F.; Belot, A.; Ouldali, N.; Beske, F.; Heep, A.; Masjosthusmann, K.; Reiter, K.; van den Heuvel, I.; von Both, U.; Agrafiotou, A.; Antachopoulos, C.; Charisi, K.; Eleftheriou, I.; Farmaki, E.; Fotis, L.; Kafetzis, D.; Koletsi, P.; Kourtesi, K.; Lampidi, S.; Liakopoulou, T.; Maritsi, D.; Michailidou, E.; Milioudi, M.; Mparmpounaki, I.; Papadimitriou, E.; Papaevangelou, V.; Roilides, E.; Tsiatsiou, O.; Tsolas, G.; Tsolia, M.; Vantsi, P.; Banegas Pineda, L. Y.; Borjas Aguilar, K. L.; Cantillano Quintero, E. M.; Ip, P.; Kwan, M. Y. W.; Kwok, J.; Lau, Y. L.; To, K.; Wong, J. S. C.; David, M.; Farkas, D.; Kalcakosz, S.; Szekeres, K.; Zsigmond, B.; Aslam, N.; Luder, A.; Andreozzi, L.; Bianco, F.; Bucciarelli, V.; Buonsenso, D.; Cimaz, R.; De Luca, M.; Dellepiane, R. M.; Fabi, M.; Filice, E.; Lanari, M.; Lo Vecchio, A.; Mastrolia, M. V.; Mauro, A.; Mazza, A.; Papa, M. V.; Romani, L.; Scarano, S. M.; Simonini, G.; Tipo, V.; Verdoni, L.; Macharia, A. -M.; Musiime, G.; Reel, B.; Wangai, F.; Pace, D.; Torpiano, P.; Anaya-Enriquez, N.; Carreon-Guerrero, J. M.; Chacon-Cruz, E.; Cheung Lopez, M.; Faugier Fuentes, E.; Fonseca Flores, M.; Garcia-Dominguez, M.; Giron Vargas, A. L.; Lopez-Delgado, I.; Lopez Hernandez, L.; Menchaca Aguayo, H. F.; Montano-Duron, J. G.; Perez-Gaxiola, G.; Ramos Tinini, P.; Tostado-Morales, E.; Valadez, J.; Inchley, C.; Klevberg, S.; Knudsen, P. K.; Maseide, P. H.; Carrera, J. M.; Castano, E.; Daza Timana, C. A.; De Leon, T.; Estripeaut, D.; Levy, J.; Norero, X.; Record, J.; Rojas-Bonilla, M.; Wong, M.; Iramain, R.; Hernandez, R.; Huaman, G.; Munaico, M.; Peralta, C.; Seminario, D.; Zapata Yarleque, E. H.; Gadzinska, J.; Ludwikowska, K.; Mandziuk, J.; Okarska-Napierala, M.; Alacheva, Z. A.; Alexeeva, E.; Ananin, P. V.; Antsupova, M.; Bakradze, M. D.; Berbenyuk, A.; Bobkova, P.; Borzakova, S.; Chashchina, I. L.; El-Taravi, Y.; Fisenko, A. P.; Gautier, M. S.; Glazyrina, A.; Gorlenko, C.; Grosheva, M.; Kiselev, H.; Kondrikova, E.; Korobyants, E.; Korsunskiy, A. A.; Kovygina, K.; Krasnaya, E.; Kurbanova, S.; Kurdup, M. K.; Mamutova, A. V.; Mazankova, L.; Mitushin, I. L.; Nargizyan, A.; Orlova, Y. O.; Osmanov, I. M.; Polyakova, A. S.; Pushkareva, A.; Romanova, O.; Samitova, E.; Shvedova, A.; Sologub, A.; Iakovleva, E.; Tepaev, R. F.; Tkacheva, A. A.; Yegiyan, M.; Yusupova, V.; Zholobova, E.; Grasa, C. D.; Epalza, C.; Lopez Segura, N.; Martinon-Torres, F.; Melendo, S.; Mendez-Echevarria, A.; Mesa Guzman, J. M.; Palacios Argueta, J. R.; Rivero-Calle, I.; Riviere, J.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, M.; Rojo, P.; Sanchez Manubens, J.; Soler-Palacin, P.; Soriano-Arandes, A.; Tagarro, A.; Villaverde, S.; Altman, M.; Brodin, P.; Horne, A.; Palmblad, K.; Brotschi, B.; Meyer Sauteur, P.; Pachlopnik Schmid, J.; Prader, S.; Relly, C.; Schlapbach, L. J.; Seiler, M.; Strasser, S.; Truck, J.; Weber, K.; Wutz, D.; Hamdan, A.; Melhem, I.; Moussa, A.; Dunk, J.; Ketharanathan, N.; Vermont, C.; Akyuz Ozkan, E.; Cetin, B. S.; Erdeniz, E. H.; Sahin, I. O.; Borisova, G.; Boyarchuk, O.; Boychenko, L.; Boyko, Y.; Diudenko, N.; Dyvonyak, O.; Kasiyan, O.; Katerynych, K.; Kostyuchenko, L.; Mamenko, M.; Melnyk, K.; Miagka, N.; Nazarenko, L.; Nezgoda, I.; Rykova, S.; Svyst, O.; Teslenko, M.; Trykosh, M.; Vasilenko, N.; Volokha, A.; Adams, C.; Akomolafe, T.; Al-Abadi, E.; Alders, N.; Alifieraki, S.; Ansumanu, H.; Aston, E.; Avram, P.; Bamford, A.; Banks, M.; Basu Roy, R.; Beattie, T.; Boleti, O.; Bracken, A.; Broad, J.; Cai, J.; Carrol, E. D.; Carter, M.; Chandran, A.; Charlesworth, J.; Chawla, J.; Cooper, H.; Cooray, S.; Davies, P.; Davis, F.; Drysdale, S. B.; Dzora, E.; Emonts, M.; Evans, C.; Fidler, K.; Foster, C.; Gong, C.; Gongrun, B.; Gonzalez, C.; Gorgun, B.; Grandjean, L.; Grant, K.; Guo, J.; Hacohen, Y.; Hall, J.; Hamid, H. K. S.; Hassell, J.; Hesketh, C.; Hewlett, J.; Hnieno, A.; Holt-Davis, H.; Hossain, A.; Hu, S.; Hudson, L. D.; Jheeta, S.; Johnson, M.; Johnson, S.; Jyothish, D.; Kampmann, B.; Kavirayani, A.; Kelly, D.; Kirubakaran, A.; Kucera, F.; Langer, D.; Lawson, G.; Lees, E. A.; Lenihan, R.; Lillie, J.; Longbottom, K.; Lyall, H.; Mackdermott, N.; Maltby, S.; Mclelland, T.; Mcmahon, A. -M.; Miller, D.; Miranda, M.; Mirza, L.; Morrison, Z.; Moshal, K.; Muller, J.; Musuka, P.; Myttaraki, E.; Nadel, S.; Nair, S.; Nuttall, L.; Oremakinde, O.; Osaghae, D.; Osman, F.; Ostrzewska, A.; Paccagnella, D.; Panthula, M.; Papachatzi, E.; Papadopoulou, C.; Patel, F.; Payne, H.; Penner, J.; Polandi, S.; Prendergast, A. J.; Ranasinghe, L.; Ravichandran, M.; Rhys-Evans, S.; Riordan, A.; Rodrigues, C. M. C.; Roe, L.; Romaine, S.; Schobi, N.; Seddon, J.; Shingadia, D.; Sikdar, O.; Srivastava, A.; Struik, S.; Sun, T.; Tan, R. W.; Taylor, A.; Taylor, A.; Taylor, A.; Tran, S.; Tsagkaris, S.; Tudor-Williams, G.; van den Berg, S.; van der Velden, F.; Ventilacion, L.; Wellman, P. A.; Withers Green, J.; Yanney, M. P.; Yeung, S.; Badheka, A.; Badran, S.; Bailey, D. M.; Burch, A. K.; Burns, J. C.; Cichon, C.; Cirks, B.; Dallman, M. D.; Delany, D. R.; Fairchok, M.; Friedman, S.; Geracht, J.; Langs-Barlow, A.; Mann, K.; Padhye, A.; Quade, A.; Ramirez, K. A.; Rockett, J.; Sayed, I. A.; Santos, R. P.; Shahin, A. A.; Umaru, S.; Widener, R.; Mujuru, H. A.; Kandawasvika, G.. - In: THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY. - ISSN 2665-9913. - 5:4(2023), pp. 184-199. [10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00029-2]