Designing the Hybrid and the Fragmentary. Four participatory planning projects at the fringe of Italian cities

Fringe areas and their restrictions are different from the inner city. Often they require an entirely new approach toward urban planning. Our author reports on four different planning projects in Italy. What connects them is their location at the fringe of metropolitan cities, the relevance of indeterminacy, the attention to the continuity of ecological and public networks and the attempt to build new scenarios with the materials found at the project site, following very short supply chains.