Postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes:importance of the gastric emptying rate

The achievement of optimal post-prandial (PP) glucose control in patients with type diabetes (T1DM) remains a great challenge. This review summarizes the main factors contributing to PP glucose response and discussesthe likely reasons why PP glucose control is rarely achieved in T1DM patients. The macronutrient composition of the meal, the rate of gastric emptyingand premeal insulin administration are key factors affecting the PP glucoseresponse in T1DM. Although the use of continuous insulin infusion systems has improved PP glucose control compared to conventional insulin therapy, there is still need for further ameliorations. T1DM patients frequently present a delayed gastric emptying (GE) that produces a lower but more prolongedPP hyperglycemia.In addition, delayed GE is associated with a longer time to reach the glycemic peak, with a consequent mismatch between PP glucose elevation and the timing of premeal insulin action. On this basis, including GE time and meal composition in the algorithms for insulin bolus calculation of the insulin delivery systems could be an important step forward for optimization of PP glucose control in T1DM.