Recoding in archaea

Standard decoding of the genetic information into polypeptides is performed by one of the most sophisticated cell machineries, the translating ribosome, which, by following the genetic code, ensures the correspondence between the mature mRNA and the protein sequence. However, the expression of a minority of genes requires programmed deviations from the standard decoding rules, globally named recoding. This includes ribosome programmed -/+1 frameshifting, ribosome hopping, and stop codon readthrough. Recoding in Archaea was unequivocally demonstrated only for the translation of the UGA stop codon into the amino acid selenocysteine. However, a new recoding event leading to the 22nd amino acid pyrrolysine and the preliminary reports on a gene regulated by programmed -1 frameshifting have been recently described in Archaea. Therefore, it appears that the study of this phenomenon in Archaea is still at its dawn and that most of the genes whose expression is regulated by recoding are still uncharacterized.