Optimizing reproduction in buffalo through application of biotechnology.

In buffalo species the low efficiency of superovulation (SO) has led to an increased interest in the in vitro embryo production (IVEP) technologies for faster propagation of superior germplasm. The ovum pick-up technique, combined with the IVEP technology, has great potential to improve the genetic progress of this species through the maternal lineage. Although the IVEP efficiency has improved in the last several years, embryo yield and development to term are still very low. The optimization of the IVEP system, through the acquisition of more information on oocyte/embryo physiology, metabolism, and culture requirements in this species, is critical to improve the efficiency of advanced reproductive strategies which, in turn, may allow the diffusion of OPU in the field, as a tool to accelerate genetic gain. This paper reviews the recent progress made in optimizing the in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture systems, emphasizing the importance of species-specific differences, to be taken into account for the development of an optimal in vitro system.