Current indications for laparoscopy and retroperitoneoscopy in pediatric urology

Laparoscopy has raised great interest in the past few years in the field of pediatric urology. It has evolved from a simple diagnostic maneuver to complex operative procedures. The aim of this study was to review urologic laparoscopy literature and provide a critical review of this field to establish current indications for videosurgery in pediatric urology. In general, from an anatomic point of view, retroperitoneoscopy seems to be more suitable than the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach for reaching the upper urinary tract. It also is less invasive and complies with the criteria for open renal surgery. With respect to current indications for videosurgery in pediatric urology, the authors have identified several well-established clinical procedures, although no large series have been published for any of the procedures, except for the treatment of varicocele, nonpalpable testis, and nephrectomy. In conclusion, the data reviewed suggest that videosurgery is a safe and feasible technique in pediatric urology if performed by expert surgeons, and that it certainly will develop further in the next few years.