Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-Based Cements: A Narrative Review

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates key cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis and tissue homeostasis, and plays a pivotal role in tooth development and post-developmental dental physiology. In mineralized tissues such as bone and dentin, the Wnt signaling is critically involved in reparative and regenerative mechanisms. The Wnt signaling in the dentin–pulp complex is tightly controlled by extracellular modulators and receptor availability, and its balance appears crucial for an appropriate response. Hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSBCs) are widely used in endodontics due to their bioactivity and favorable biological properties. Increasing data indicate that HCSBCs promote odontogenic responses and reparative dentinogenesis through the recruitment and activation of dental stem cells (DSCs), possibly via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway modulation. Therefore, the aim of the present narrative review was to summarize current knowledge on the role of the Wnt signaling in oral tissues and its interaction with HCSBCs. It is hypothesized that these materials may enhance pathway activation through the release of ionic products, growth factors and inflammatory mediators, thereby supporting biologically driven reparative processes. Understanding these mechanisms may guide the development of next-generation biomaterials designed to optimize the intrinsic regenerative potential of the dentin–pulp complex.