An accessibility-based assessment for bike-sharing impacts: The case of an academic district in Naples

Last-mile connectivity plays a crucial role in determining the accessibility and attractiveness of public transport systems, particularly in multimodal mobility contexts. This study proposes a methodological framework to evaluate accessibility changes generated by cycling-based last-mile solutions. Two complementary accessibility indicators are adopted: a gravitational index, which measures potential reachability, and a utility-based index derived from random utility theory, which accounts for multimodal travel behaviour and generalised travel costs. The methodology is applied to a real university district in Naples. Results show that the accessibility improvements vary among campuses depending on their proximity to transit stations and existing transport services, confirming the potential of bike-sharing systems to support more efficient and sustainable student commuting patterns.