Incentive-driven knowledge sharing on recycled aggregates in sustainable construction: A PLS-SEM and fsQCA approach

Recycled aggregates (RA) are increasingly promoted as a sustainable alternative material in the construction sector. However, their large-scale adoption remains constrained by limited knowledge-sharing among workers. This study examines how incentive mechanisms shape knowledge-sharing behavior in RA projects by integrating Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Using survey data from projects in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the PLS-SEM results show that incentive mechanisms exert a significant positive effect on knowledge-sharing behavior. The analysis further indicates that relational dependence features in the sequential pathways through which incentive mechanisms are associated with knowledge-sharing behavior, whereas structural and knowledge dependence do not show significant standalone mediating effects. The fsQCA results identify four effective configurations associated with high knowledge-sharing behavior: relational-structural incentives, knowledge-financial incentives, mandatory-collaboration incentives, and comprehensive-compensation incentives. These findings clarify the differentiated roles of inter-organizational dependence and show that the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms varies across relational and configurational conditions. The study provides practical guidance for designing context-sensitive incentive strategies to strengthen knowledge flows and support the wider adoption of RA in sustainable construction.