Characterization and Performance Assessment of a SiPM-Based Muon Detector

We present the upgrade and performance evaluation of a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based muon detector, originally designed and developed 15 years ago for radiation tracking applications in radiographic imaging with cosmic muons. The first use of the original assembly and scientific objectives of the detector was in the Mu-Ray project of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) for muon radiographic imaging of volcanoes. In addition to its initial uses and after being upgraded with Hamamatsu SiPMs, the detector has been employed in a series of measurement campaigns for the detection of underground cavities. Herein we describe the mechanical recovery process and the integration of modern electronic components aimed at extending the operational capabilities of the detector, with particular attention to the adaptation of the front-end electronics to a new DAQ system. The results of the detector’s characterization and calibration under controlled conditions will be presented, evaluating its current performance and suitability for muography applications in a new geophysical setting. The results confirm that, despite aging, the system remains a viable instrument for precision and reliable muon tracking.