Seismic analysis of tanks and vessels: A comprehensive review of international codes and guidelines

This paper reviews and compares the seismic behaviour and design provisions for ground-supported tanks and vessels, with a focus on widely used international seismic codes, standards, guidelines, and books including NZSEE, API 650, API 620, ASCE 07, IITK-GSDMA, AIJ, and Eurocode 8 (EN 1998–4). Essential analysis considerations for tanks and vessels under seismic forces are examined, with emphasis on fluid-structure interaction. Key topics include the development of simplified mass-spring models, calculation of the base shear, and determination of the period of vibration for tanks and vessels. The study also explores the role of tank wall flexibility and highlights distinctions between ground-supported and elevated tanks, as well as vessels supported by various structural systems. In addition, it provides a review of non-structural components and non-building structures, aligning with the provisions outlined in Chapters 13 and 15 of ASCE 07. The paper further discusses common failure modes in tanks and vessels that have been documented in past earthquake events, offering insights into vulnerabilities and the seismic analysis improvements.