Semi-Synthesis of Chondroitin 6-Phosphate Assisted by Microwave Irradiation

Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide, playing key roles in a plethora of physiopathological processes typical of higher animals. The position of sulfate groups within CS disaccharide subunits composing the polysaccharide chain is able to encode specific functional information. In order to expand such a “sulfation code”, access to non-natural CS variants and mimics thereof can be pursued. In this context, an interesting topic concerns phosphorylated analogs of CS polysaccharides, as the replacement of sulfate groups with phosphates can lead to unreported activities of phosphorylated CS. In light of this, the phosphorylation reaction of a microbial-sourced, unsulfated chondroitin polysac-charide with phosphoric acid is reported in the present study, testing different microwave irradiation conditions and comparing them with conventional heating procedures. The obtained products were subjected to a detailed characterization, in terms of chemical struc-ture and hydrodynamic properties, by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and HP-SEC-TDA analysis, respectively. The characterization study showed how different reaction conditions can not only influence the regioselectivity and degree of phosphorylation but also trigger the formation of phosphate diester functionalities acting as cross-linkers between polysac-charide chains. The results from the screening presented in this work could be interesting for any research devoted to the regioselective phosphorylation of a polysaccharide.