Fat Graft as Regenerative Treatment of Facial Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review on the Role of Adipose Tissue‐Derived Stem Cells and on Surgical Outcomes to Define a New Standardised Injection Protocol

Facial symptoms of systemic sclerosis (SSc)—such as reduced skin elasticity, fibrosis and microstomy—significantly impact quality of life. In recent years, autologous fat grafting has emerged as a promising treatment for these issues, but determining the optimal timing and techniques for fat injection remains a challenge for surgeons. Our study aimed to perform a systematic review of the available literature to establish a standardised protocol for this procedure. We reviewed all relevant studies published up to 18 August 2023, focusing specifically on diffuse facial scleroderma. In addition to clinical reports, we included articles discussing the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the effects of adipose stem cells. A total of 18 articles were analysed, revealing a range of methods and timelines for the procedure. The volume of fat injected varied from 6 cc for perioral treatment to 72 cc for a full-face approach, with treatment intervals ranging from one session per year to one every 3 months. On average, around 50% of the fat was reabsorbed within 6 months. Adipose stem cells were identified as a key factor in both tissue regeneration and fat resorption rates. This review supports the effectiveness of autologous fat grafting for facial scleroderma, emphasising the role of adipose stem cells. For optimal results, two procedures spaced 3–6 months apart, followed by annual maintenance, are recommended. Consistent fat volumes in different facial areas are essential to achieve longer-lasting outcomes and minimise resorption.