Clinical and Immunological Response in Dogs Naturally Infected by L. infantum Treated with a Nutritional Supplement

Simple Summary We evaluated the effects of a commercial nutraceutical supplementation in dogs naturally affected by Leishmania infantum. This nutraceutical supplement is proposed to be added to dog diet to foster physiological immune-response during chronic leishmaniasis. Parasite clearance is infrequently obtained by immune response in both the human and canine leishmaniasis. Pharmacological therapies frequently fail in the elimination of L. infantum that could have settled in deep organs, escaping immune responses and therapy. The conventional drug therapy improves clinical signs, reduces parasitemia as well as relapse of infection. This nutraceutical supplementation can improve the impaired immune response of the infected dogs to fight the disease. The use of nutraceuticals as immunomodulators in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis has generated interest in the current approaches to treat the disease. In this clinical and immunological study, we investigated whether the administration of a nutritional supplement mediates the immune-modulatory response in canine leishmaniosis (CL) and improves the clinical outcome of the disease. With this purpose, we analysed T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood (PB) of 12 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum, following treatment with a nutritional supplement. The regulatory T (Treg) cells and the T helper (Th) 1 population were specifically evaluated. The animals underwent complete clinical examination and blood sample collection for haematological, biochemical, serological and immunological analysis before treatment (T0), one month (T30) and 3 months (T90) after the onset of the nutraceutical supplementation. We observed that nutraceutical supplementation was associated with immunomodulation of Th1 response and significant clinical improvement of the animals. No side effects were observed. Therefore, a potential supportive role for the nutraceutical supplement during canine leishmaniasis is proposed.